773 844
[2] Network NCC. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Pros-
tate Cancer 2015 (updated 11/10/201511/30/2015). Version I.
http:// www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/prostate.pdf.
[3] Mottet N, Bellmunt J, Briers E, et al. EUA-ESTRO-SIOG Guidelines for
Prostate Cancer 2016 [cited 2016 May 21].
http://uroweb.org/ wp-content/uploads/EAU-Guidelines-Prostate-Cancer-2016.pdf.
[4]
Cooperberg MR, Vickers AJ, Broering JM, Carroll PR. Comparative risk-adjusted mortality outcomes after primary surgery, radiother- apy, or androgen-deprivation therapy for localized prostate cancer. Cancer 2010;116:5226–34.
[5]
Boorjian SA, Karnes RJ, Viterbo R, et al. Long-term survival after radical prostatectomy versus external-beam radiotherapy for patients with high-risk prostate cancer. Cancer 2011;117:2883–91.
[6]
Wallis CJ, Saskin R, Choo R, et al. Surgery versus radiotherapy for clinically-localized prostate cancer: A systematic review and meta- analysis. Eur Urol 2016;70:21–30.[7]
Zelefsky MJ, Eastham JA, Cronin AM, et al. Metastasis after radical prostatectomy or external beam radiotherapy for patients with clinically localized prostate cancer: a comparison of clinical cohorts adjusted for case mix. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:1508–13.
[8]
Roach 3rd M, Ceron Lizarraga TL, Lazar AA. Radical prostatectomy versus radiation and androgen deprivation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer: How good is the evidence? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2015;93:1064–70.[9]
Kalbasi A, Li J, Berman A, et al. Dose-escalated irradiation and overall survival in men with nonmetastatic prostate cancer. JAMA Oncol 2015;1:897–906.
[10]
Kuban DA, Levy LB, Cheung MR, et al. Long-term failure patterns and survival in a randomized dose-escalation trial for prostate cancer. Who dies of disease? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011;79:1310–7.[11]
Bolla M, de Reijke TM, Van Tienhoven G, et al. Duration of androgen suppression in the treatment of prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 2009;360:2516–27.[12]
Horwitz EM, Bae K, Hanks GE, et al. Ten-year follow-up of radiation therapy oncology group protocol 92-02: A phase III trial of the duration of elective androgen deprivation in locally advanced prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:2497–504.[13]
Zapatero A, Guerrero A, Maldonado X, et al. High-dose radiotherapy with short-term or long-term androgen deprivation in localised prostate cancer (DART01/05 GICOR): A randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2015;16:320–7.[14]
Denham JW, Joseph D, Lamb DS, et al. Short-term androgen sup- pression and radiotherapy versus intermediate-term androgen suppression and radiotherapy, with or without zoledronic acid, inmen with locally advanced prostate cancer (TROG 03.04 RADAR): An open-label, randomised, phase 3 factorial trial. Lancet Oncol 2014;15:1076–89.[15]
Epstein JI. An update of the Gleason grading system. J Urol 2010;183:433–40.
[16]
Tsao CK, Gray KP, Nakabayashi M, et al. Patients with biopsy Gleason 9 and 10 prostate cancer have significantly worse out- comes compared to patients with Gleason 8 disease. J Urol 2015;194:91–7.[17]
Epstein JI, Zelefsky MJ, Sjoberg DD, et al. A contemporary prostate cancer grading system: A validated alternative to the Gleason Score. Eur Urol 2016;69:428–35.
[18]
Eifler JB, Feng Z, Lin BM, et al. An updated prostate cancer staging nomogram (Partin tables) based on cases from 2006 to 2011. BJU Int 2013;111:22–9.[19]
Nanda A, Chen MH, Renshaw AA, D’Amico AV. Gleason pattern 5 prostate cancer: Further stratification of patients with high-risk disease and implications for future randomized trials. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009;74:1419–23.[20]
Ellis CL, Partin AW, HanM, Epstein JI. Adenocarcinoma of the prostate with Gleason score 9-10 on core biopsy: Correlation with findings at radical prostatectomy and prognosis. J Urol 2013;190:2068–73.[21]
Epstein JI, Egevad L, Amin MB, Delahunt B, Srigley JR, Humphrey PA. The 2014 International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Consensus Conference on Gleason Grading of Prostatic Carcinoma: Definition of grading patterns and proposal for a new grading system. Am J Surg Pathol 2016;40:244–52.[22]
Epstein JI, Allsbrook Jr WC, Amin MB, Egevad LL. The 2005 Interna- tional Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Consensus Conference on Gleason Grading of Prostatic Carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2005;29:1228–42.[23]
Roach 3rd M, Hanks G, T hames Jr H, et al. Defining biochemical failure following radiotherapy with or without hormonal therapy in men with clinically localized prostate cancer: Recommendations of the RTOG-ASTRO Phoenix Consensus Conference. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006;65:965–74.[24]
Brenner DJ, Hall EJ. Fractionation and protraction for radiotherapy of prostate carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1999;43: 1095–101.
[25]
Messing EM, Manola J, Sarosdy M, Wilding G, Crawford ED, Trump D. Immediate hormonal therapy compared with observation after radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy in men with node-positive prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 1999;341:1781–8.[26]
Shelley MD, Kumar S, Wilt T, Staffurth J, Coles B, Mason MD. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials of neo- adjuvant hormone therapy for localized and locally advanced prostate carcinoma. Cancer Treat Rev 2009;35:9–17.
[27]
Spratt DE, Evans MJ, Davis BJ, et al. Androgen receptor upregulation mediates radioresistance after ionizing radiation. Cancer Res 2015;75:4688–96.[28]
Tarish FL, Schultz N, Tanoglidi A, et al. Castration radiosensitizes prostate cancer tissue by impairing DNA double-strand break repair. Sci Transl Med 2015;7:312re11.[29]
Bill-Axelson A, Holmberg L, Garmo H, et al. Radical prostatectomy or watchful waiting in early prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 2014;370:932–42.[30]
Zelefsky MJ, Reuter VE, Fuks Z, Scardino P, Shippy A. Influence of local tumor control on distant metastases and cancer related mortality after external beam radiotherapy for prostate cancer. J Urol 2008;179:1368–73, discussion 73.[31]
Wilt TJ. The Prostate Cancer Intervention Versus Observation Trial: VA/NCI/AHRQ Cooperative Studies Program #407 (PIVOT): Design and baseline results of a randomized controlled trial comparing radical prostatectomy with watchful waiting for men with clini- cally localized prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2012;184–90, 2012.
[32]
Morris WJ, Tyldesley S, Pai HH, et al. ASCENDE-RT*: A multicenter, randomized trial of dose-escalated external beam radiation thera- py (EBRT-B) versus low-dose-rate brachytherapy (LDR-B) for men with unfavorable-risk localized prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2015:33(Suppl 7; abstr 3).[33]
Abdollah F, Sood A, Sammon JD, et al. Long-term cancer control outcomes in patients with clinically high-risk prostate cancer trea- ted with robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: Results from a multi- institutional study of 1100 patients. Eur Urol 2015;68:497–505.
[34]
Fossati N, Karnes RJ, Cozzarini C, et al. Assessing the optimal timing for early salvage radiation therapy in patients with prostate-specific antigen rise after radical prostatectomy. Eur Urol 2016;69:728–33.
E U R O P E A N U R O L O G Y 7 1 ( 2 0 1 7 ) 7 6 6 – 7 7 3
773