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China (863 Program, 2015AA020403), the National Natural Science

Foundation of China (grant no. 31171341), and the Recruitment Program

of Global Youth Experts (to F.B.). The sponsors played a role in the design

and conduct of the study and in data collection.

Appendix A. Supplementary data

Supplementary data associated with this article can be

found, in the online version, at

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. eururo.2016.09.046

.

References

[1] Lamy P, Nordentoft I, Birkenkamp-Demtroder K, et al. Paired exome

analysis reveals clonal evolution and potential therapeutic targets

in urothelial carcinoma. Cancer Res. In press.

http://dx.doi.org/10. 1158/0008-5472.CAN-16-0436

.

[2]

Ho¨glund M. On the origin of syn- and metachronous urothelial carcinomas. Eur Urol 2007;51:1185–93.

[3]

Catto JW, Hartmann A, Stoehr R, et al. Multifocal urothelial cancers with the mutator phenotype are of monoclonal origin and require panurothelial treatment for tumor clearance. J Urol 2006;175: 2323–30

.

[4]

Gerlinger M, Catto JW, Orntoft TF, et al. Intratumour heterogeneity in urologic cancers: from molecular evidence to clinical implica- tions. Eur Urol 2015;67:729–37

.

[5]

Hoang ML, Chen CH, Sidorenko VS, et al. Mutational signature of aristolochic acid exposure as revealed by whole-exome sequencing. Sci Transl Med 2013;5:197ra102

.

[6]

Helleday T, Eshtad S, Nik-Zainal S. Mechanisms underlying mutational signatures in human cancers. Nat Rev Genet 2014;15: 585–98.

[7]

Comprehensive molecular characterization of urothelial bladder carcinoma. Nature 2014;507:315–22

.

a

Department of Urology, Peking University People’s Hospital,

Beijing, China

b

Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, School of Life Sciences, Peking

University, Beijing, China

*Corresponding authors. Department of Urology, Peking University

People’s Hospital,

[4_TD$DIFF]

NO.11 Xi Zhi Men South Street, Beijing 100044, China.

Tel. +86 10 88326390; Fax: +86 10 88326390. Biodynamic Optical

Imaging Center, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing

100871, China. Tel. +86 10 62756164; Fax: +86 10 62756164.

E-mail addresses:

xutao@medmail.com.cn

(T. Xu),

fbai@pku.edu.cn

(F. Bai).

y

These authors contributed equally to this work.

September 30, 2016

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2016.09.046

E U R O P E A N U R O L O G Y 7 1 ( 2 0 1 7 ) 8 3 7 – 8 4 3

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